Publications and science articles
- Still G. K. New Computer system can predict human behaviour response to building fires. Fire 84 (January 1993), 40-41
- Still G. K. Towering Inferno New Scientist (Supplement April 1993).
- Still G. K. New Insights into Crowd Behaviour - It's Fractal. Focus November (1994).
- Still G. K. Simulating Egress using Virtual Reality - a perspective view of simulation and design. IMAS Fire Safety on Ships symposium (May 1994).
- Still G. K. The Secret Life of crowds. Focus (June 1996)
- Still G. K. Last word, mind the gap. New Scientist (March 20th 1999).
- Reynolds, L. Fielden, I, Still, G.K, Stewart, I. "Wirequakes - a question of seismology" with Len Reynolds and Ian Stewart - a paper comparing earth and wire quakes (Wire Industry, December 1999).
- Still G.K Crowd Dynamics. PhD Thesis, Mathematics department, Warwick University. (August 2000)
- Still GK Optimising Office Egress. Web based publication (Sept 2001)
- Feature. "Agincourt" Chapter in book "Battlefield Detectives" ISBN 0-233-05083-3
- Still G. K. "Understanding Crowd Dynamics - The Main Event(Nov 2005)
- Still G. K. "Review of Pedestrian and Evacuation Simulation" Journal of Critical Infrastructures (2007)
- Feature "Crowds" BBC Focus (April 2009)
- Feature "Understanding Crowd Dynamics" ACPO Magazine (June 2009)
- Feature "The Mathematics of Crowd Dynamics" iSquared, Institute of Mathematics Magazine, (June 2009)
- Feature "Crowd Dynamics" Mensa Magazine (June 2009)
- Feature "The Course of Change..." UK Cabinet Office Emergency Planning College publication (2011)
- Feature "Crowd Dynamics" Urban Realm (April 2011)
- More recent articles and publications - click here.
References
[1] The Green Guide (Third Edition). Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds. HMSO London. 1990. (ISBN 0113410018)
[2] The Green Guide (Fourth Edition). Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds. HMSO London. 1997 (ISBN 0113000952)
[3] The Purple Guide (First Edition). Guide to Health, Safety and Welfare at Pop Concerts and similar Events. HMSO London. 1993. (ISBN 0113410727)
[4] The Purple Guide (Second Edition).The Event Safety Guide. A Guide to Health, Safety and Welfare at Pop Concerts and similar Events. HMSO London. 1999. (ISBN 0113410727)
[5] The Primrose Guide (called so because it has a yellow cover). Guide to fire precautions in existing places of entertainment and like premises. HMSO London. 1998 (ISBN 0113409079)
[6] Fruin, J. Pedestrian and Planning Design. Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners. 1971. Library of Congress catalogue number 70-159312 (Elevator World Inc. Educational Services Division. PO Box 6507, 354 Morgan Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36606))
[7] Ando, K. Aoki, T, Oto, H. Improvement of the simulation System for Passenger flow. Quarterly review of the Rail Technical Research Institute Report. Japan (In Japanese) Spring 1991 (see [10])
[8] Ando, K. Aoki, T, Oto, H. Development of the prediction System for Passenger Flow. Quarterly Review of the Rail Technical Research Institute Report. Japan (In Japanese) Spring 1992 (see [10])
[9] Aoki, T. The simulation system of passenger flow. Quarterly Review of Rail Technical Research Institute Vol 35 No 2 May 1994.
[10] Private communication between Keith Still and Toshiyuki Aoki (Chief Research, Architecture Lab) and Hiromichi Oto (Chief Engineer, Architecture Lab). Railway Technical Research Institute 185-8540 Kokubunji-shi, Hikari-cho 2-8-38, TOKYO, JAPAN. Aoki san kindly translated refs 7 & 8.
[11] Henderson L. F. The Statistics of Crowd Fluids. Nature 229 (1971) pg 381.
[12] Henderson L. F. Sexual differences in human crowd motion. Nature 240 (1972) pg 252.
[13] Helbing, D. Correlated Motion of Pedestrians in New Directions in Theoretical Biology (ed. T. Vicsek). Lecture Notes in Biological Physics, Eötvös University, Budapest. 1998.
[14] Helbing, D. A Fluid-dynamic model for the movement of Pedestrians. Complex systems 6 (1992) pages 391-415
[15] Helbing, D, Treiber. M. Gas-kinetic-based Traffic model explaining observed hysteretic phase transition Physical Review Letters 81 (1998) 14
[16] Helbing, D, Treiber. M. Jams, Waves and Clusters. Science 282 (1998)
[17] Helbing, D. Modelling the evolution of human trail systems. Nature 388 (1997)
[18] Helbing, D. Self-organisation phenomena in pedestrian crowds in Self-Organization of Complex Structures: From Individual to Collective Dynamics (ed. F. Schweitzer). Gordon and Breach, London.569-577
[19] Helbing, D. Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. Physical Review E, May (1995).
[20] Private communication between G. Keith Still and Dirk Helbing.
[21] Pauls, J. Calculating Evacuation Times for Tall Buildings. Fire Safety Journal 12 (1987) National Council of Canada and BUSI Building Safety Institute.
[22] Pauls, J. Movement of People. SFPE Handbook of fire Protection Engineering. (1988). National Council of Canada and BUSI Building Safety Institute.
[23] Galea E.R. The numerical simulation of aircraft evacuation and it's application to aircraft design and certification. Paper No. 97/IM/28. CMS Press. The Fire Safety Engineering group. Centre for Numerical Modelling and Process Analysis, University of Greenwich. Wellington Street. London SE18 6PF.
[24] Galea E.R. Use of mathematical modelling in fire safety engineering, Paper No 97/IM/25. CMS Press. The Fire Safety Engineering group. Centre for Numerical Modelling and Process Analysis, University of Greenwich. Wellington Street. London SE18 6PF.
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[26] Cohen, E. Simulation of Human Flow with Particle Systems. ArSciMed. 07 Rue de Bercy, 75012 Paris France. Description of the methodology behind their software, now withdraw from publication.
[27] Private communication between G. Keith Still and Dr. Eyal Cohen and various representatives of Animation Science.
[28] Penn, A.Vaughan. L. Pedestrian movement and Spacial Design. Passenger Terminal (1995). Print available from Bartlett School of Architecture, University College of London. London. UK. http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/
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[32] Inquiry by the Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor. The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster 15 April 1989, Interim Report Cm 765. IMSO, London.
[33] Inquiry by the Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor. The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster 15 April 1989, Final Report Cm 962. IMSO London.
[34] The Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Stuart-Smith. Scrutiny of evidence relating to the Hillsborough Football Stadium disaster. Report Cm 3878. Feb 1998. The Stationary Office ISBN 0101387822
[35] Guide to Fire Precautions on existing British Rail Surface Stations. Internal document on Fire Safety Engineering obtained from the Fire Training College, Morton-on-Marsh, Gloscester.1993.
[36] London Underground Limited. Internal document on safety in stations. Safety Document VPSPGREV(a) March 1993.
[37] Quote from Dr John Habgood, Archbishop of York, preaching at the Hillsborough Memorial Service on 23 April 1989.
[38] Pheasant. S. Bodyspace. Taylor and Francis. 1998 (ISBN 0748403264). ErgoBase from the Biomechanics Corporation of America, Inc. is database of the world population sizes, dimensions and aerobic work from Bodyspace.
[39] First Tuesday Report on the Hillsborough Disaster - Yorkshire Television. 1990. Home Office Emergency Planning College, Easingwold.
[40] Canter, D. (Ed) Fires and Human Behaviour Foulton Publishers, London. 1990 (ISBN 1853461059 - now out of print)
[41] Canter, D. Behaviour of People in Fire Situations: Possibilities for Research, BRE Document CP 11/76. (1985).
[42] Canter. D Studies of Human Behaviour in Fire: Empirical results and their implications for Education and Design. BRE Document 61 (1985).
[43] Sime J. Crowd Safety Management and Communications in Disasters. MoSHE. 1992 Available from the Building Research Establishment. Borehamwood or from JSA Research Consultants, Goldalming, Surrey.
[44] Sime J.& Kimura. Exit Choice Behaviour during the Evacuation of Two Lecture Theatres Portsmouth Polytechnic. Internal Document.
[45] Sime J. Human behaviour in Fires Summary Report. JSA Research Consultants, Research Report 45 (1992). Central Fire Brigades Advisory Council
[46] Sime J. Human behaviour in Emergencies. JSA Research Consultants. Research Report 45. (1992) Joint Committee on Fire Research.
[47] Sime J, Proulx. G. To prevent 'Panic' in an underground emergency: Why not tell people the truth? Published in Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the third International Symposium. (1991). IAFSS. Hemisphere Publishing Corp. London/New York.
[48] Braess, D. ÜÜber ein Paradoxon aus der Verkehrsplanung. Unternehmenforschung 12 (1968), 258-268
[49] http://www.expert.demon.co.uk/mark/essays/roads.html by Mark Wainwright.
[50] Ketchell, N, Cole, S. et. al. The EGRESS code for human movement and behaviour in emergency evacuations in Engineering for Crowd Safety 1993 Elsevier. (Ed Smith RA, Dickie J) ISBN 0 444 899200.
[51] Predtechenskii, W. M and Milinskii, A. I, (Stroiizdat, Moscow, 1962) Translation. Amerind Publishing Co. New Delhi 1978
[52] Stadia & Arenas 2000, Stadia and Arenas: Development, design and management. 16-17th June 1999. London Arena. The Concrete Society
[53] Clifford. P. Tynecastle football stadium crowd movement simulation. Stadia and Arenas: Development, design and management. Stadia & Arenas 2000, 16-17th June 1999. London Arena. The Concrete Society
[54] Private communication between G. Keith Still and John. J. Fruin.
[55] Authors observations for events during 1994-2000
[56] White, F, M. Fluid Mechanics. Pg 305. Hagen and Poiseuille in 1840 both establish the pressure drop law. The average velocity in laminar flow is one-half the maximum velocity. McGraw Hill, London. ISBN 0070665257.
[57] Still G. K. New Computer system can predict human behaviour response to building fires. Fire 84 (January 1993), 40-41
[58] Still G. K. New Insights into Crowd Behaviour - It's Fractal. Focus November (1994).
[59] Still G. K. The Secret Life of crowds. Focus (June 1996)
[60] Still G. K. Simulating Egress using Virtual Reality - a perspective view of simulation and design. IMAS Fire Safety on Ships symposium (May 1994).
[61] Still G. K. Towering Inferno New Scientist (Supplement April 1993).
[62] Still G. K. Last word, mind the gap. New Scientist (March 20th 1999).
[63] Bonbeau, E, et. al. Adaptive task allocation inspired by a model of division of labour in social insects. Sante Fe Institute (1995). http://www.santefe.edu working paper 98-01-004
[64] Bonbeau, E, et. al. Cooperative transport by ants and robots. Sante Fe Institute.(1999). http://www.santefe.edu working paper 99-01-008
[65] Bonbeau, E, et. al. Evolving Ant Colony Optimization. Sante Fe Institute, http://www.santefe.edu working paper 99-01-009
[66] Bonbeau, E, et. al. Response threshold reinforcement and division of labour in insect societies. http://www.santefe.edu working paper 99-01-006
[67] Gutowitz, H. Artificial-Life Simulators and their Applications. Sante Fe Institute. 30th Jan 1995 and Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles. Laboratoire d'Electronique, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France.
[68] Sole, RV. et. al. Emergent behaviour in insect societies: Global Oscillations and computation. Springer Series in Synergetics, Vol. 62, Interdisciplinary Approaches to Nonlinear Complex systems (1993)
[69] Sole, RV. et. al. Collective-Induced Computation Sante Fe Institute. http://www.santefe.edu working paper 96-08-070
[70] Miramontes, O. Collective behaviour of random-activated mobile cellular automata. Physica D 63 (1993) 145-160
[71] Goodwin, B. How the leopard changed its spots. Touchstone. (ISBN 0-684-80451-4) 1996
[72] Sole, RV. et. al. Emergent behaviour in insect societies: Global Oscillations and computation. Springer Series in Synergetics, Vol. 62, Interdisciplinary Approaches to Nonlinear Complex systems (1993)
[73] Marin, J. Macro-evolutionary Algorithms: a New Optimization Method on Fitness Landscapes. http://www.santefe.edu working paper 98-11-108
[74] Judd S. Multiple stored views and landmark guidance in ants. Nature 392 (1998)
[75] Bunday, B. Basic Linear Programming. Arnold, London,1985. (ISBN 0713135093)
[76] Reynolds, C. W. Competition, Coevolution and the Game of Tag. From the boids website http://hmt.com/cwr/boids.html
[77] Reynolds, C. W. Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A distributed behavioural model. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1987 in Computer Graphics Volume 21, number 4, July (1987). Pp 24-34
[78] Reynolds, C. W. Not Bumping into things. Notes on obstacle avoidance for the course on Physically Based Modelling at SIGGRAPH August (1988). Atlanta, Georgia.
[79] Kendik, E. Methods of design for means of egress: Towards a Quantitative Comparison of National Code Requirements. Fire Safety Science. Proceedings of the first International Symposium. Hemisphere Publishing Corp. Washington (1986) pp 497-511
[80] Kendik, E. Assessment of Escape Routes in Building and a design method for calculating Pedestrian Movement. Society of Fire Protection Engineers Technology Report 85-4 (1985). Hemisphere Pub. Corp
[81] Video footage of the 1994 FA Cup Final - compilation of various ingress, half-time and egress scenes from Wembley Stadium.
[82] References on page 28 of the Taylor Interim Report [1] is the interim Report produced for the Minister of Housing and Local government in 1969. Mr Justice Popplewell. The quotation was taken from the Taylor report.
[83] Popplewell. Committee of Inquiry into Crowd Safety and Control at Sports Grounds. Final Report. Cmnd 9710 Jan (1986)
[84] Private communication between G. Keith Still and Dr. Jonathan Sime.
[85] Hanna, J. Emergency Preparedness guidelines for mass, crowd-intensive events Emergency Preparedness 614.88 Han Canada. Sept (1995)
[86] Proulx, G. et. al. Evacuation Times and Movement in Office Buildings National Research Council of Canada, Internal report 711 (1996)
[87] Proulx, G. Review of Evacuation Strategies for Occupants with Disabilities. National Research Council of Canada. Internal Report 712 (1996)
[88] Cormen,. T. Introduction to Algorithms. MIT Press, London. (1985) p335. The 0-1 Knapsack and fractional knapsack problem. (ISBN 9780262530910).
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[92] Gross, D. Fundamental of Queuing Theory (third edition). Wiley-Inter science (ISBN 0471170836)
[93] Main. R. Ergodic Theory and Differentiable Dynamics Springer-Verlag (ISBN 3540152784)
[94] Canetti. E Crowds and Power. Penguin (1992) ISBN 0140184309
[95] Marsden A. Quotation from Crowd and Passenger Behaviour Seminar. April (1994). Copy available from Alan Marsden Consulting Associates. 24 Buckingham Way, Timperley. Altrincham, Cheshire, WA15 6PQ
[96] Blue, V. Adler, J. Cellular automata micro simulation of bi-directional pedestrian flows. Transportation Research Record, Journal of the transportation Research Board 1678, (2000), pp 135-141
[97] Schelhorn, T, O’Sullivan D. et. al. Streets: An agent-based pedestrian model. CASA paper 9. http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/streets.pdf. April (1999)
[98] HSE publication. Managing Crowds Safely. ISBN 0-7176-1834-X
[99] HSE publication. Safety Guidance: for streets, carnival, processions and large-scale performances. ISBN 0-9544892-1-7
Other model related papers
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Chapter 2 - Crowd problems and crowd safety
Chapter 4 - Principles of a simulation
Chapter 5 - Legion (agent based simulation)
Chapter 6 - Validation of a computer model
Chapter 7 - Case study 1: Balham Station